77 to 1200 K tensile properties of several wrought superalloys after long-term 1093 K heat treatment in air and vacuum

The 77 to 1200 K tensile properties of approximately 1.3 mm thick wrought sheet Co-base Haynes alloy 188 and Ni-base Haynes alloy 230 and Inconel 617 have been measured after heat treatment in air and vacuum for periods up to 22,500 h at 1093 K. Significant changes in structure were produced by prior exposures, including precipitation of second phases and, in the case of heat treatment in air, oxide scale and surface-connected grain boundary pits/oxides, as deep as 50 to 70 μm, in all three superalloys. Due to the geometry of the experiment, the vacuum-exposed samples were protected from loss of volatile elements by evaporation; hence, such specimens were simply given 1093 K anneals in an innocuous environment, which produced very little surface attack. Compared to the properties of as-received alloys, prior exposure tended to reduce both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, with the greatest reductions at 77 and 298 K. The most dramatic effect of heat treatment was found in the low-temperature residual tensile elongation, where decreases from 40 to 5% at 77 K were found. Ductility is the only property that was found to have a consistent dependency on environment, with air exposure always yielding less tensile elongation than vacuum exposure.     

一种镍基高温合金的碳化物析出与转化动力学

采用化学分离联合衍射定量分析法,对多相镍基合金进行了定量相分析研究,得到了850—1000℃下MC的分解和M_(23)C_6,M_6C的析出与热暴露时间的双曲线型变化规律。热暴露过程中M_(23)C_6的元素组成一直在变化,刚析出时为(Cr_(0.67)Mo_(0.13)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.07))_(23)C_6,其后Cr量增高,Mo,Ni和Co量减少,最终组成为(Cr_(0.88)Mo_(0.07)Ni_(0.03)Co_(0.02))_(23)C_6。热暴露温度愈高,M_(23)C_6达到最终组成状态愈快。     

Metal dusting on an alumina forming Ni-base alloy

A high-performance commercial alumina-forming Ni-base alloy was studied after a 2 years field exposure at 540 °C in a methanol plant with a gas composition of 10-20%CO and 20-40%H₂O, with some CO₂ and the remainder H₂. The same material was also used in laboratory studies performed at 650 °C using a gas mixture with higher CO and lower H₂O content; 50%CO + 3%H₂O + 47H₂ (carbon activity a_c = 39). Post-exposure metallographic examinations together with thermodynamic calculations were used to identify and describe the metal dusting processes.A growth mechanism for metal dusting in nickel base alloys, which is independent of metal bulk diffusion, is identified. The process involves a separation of the carbon-saturated metal into a network of discontinuous precipitated carbides and a depleted Ni-austenite matrix followed by selective oxidation of the carbide network. The corrosion product consists of Cr-depleted Ni-particles, Cr-rich oxides and free carbon. The estimated metal dusting corrosion rate in the field exposure was 20-25 μm/year, based on metallography and it was correlated to a theoretical model based on boundary diffusion processes.     

Effect of interstitial content on high- temperature fatigue crack propagation and low- cycle fatigue of alloy 720

Alloy 720 is a high-strength cast and wrought turbine disc alloy currently in use for temperatures up to about 650 °C in Allison’s T800, T406, GMA 2100, and GMA 3007 engines. In the original composition in-tended for use as turbine blades, large carbide and boride stringers formed and acted as preferred crack initiators. Stringering was attributed to relatively higher boron and carbon levels. These interstitials are known to affect creep and ductility of superalloys, but the effects on low-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack propagation have not been studied. Recent emphasis on the total life approach in the design of turbine discs necessitates better understanding of the interactive fatigue crack propagation and low-cycle fatigue behavior at high temperatures. The objective of this study was to improve the damage tolerance of Alloy 720 by systematically modifying boron and carbon levels in the master melt, without altering the low-cy-cle fatigue and strength characteristics of the original composition. Improvement in strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue life was achieved by fragmenting the continuous stringers via composition modifica-tion. The fatigue crack propagation rate was reduced by a concurrent reduction of both carbon and bo-ron levels to optimally low levels at which the frequency of brittle second phases was minimal. The changes in composition have been incorporated for production disc forgings.     

高温镍基合金深孔加工

在分析难加工材料切削特性的基础上,针对高温镍基合金的深孔加工,设计一种在普通车床上使用麻花钻头进行深孔加工的工艺装备和工艺方法,提高了工作效率,并取得了良好的效果。     

Effects of microstructure evolution on the deformation mechanisms and tensile properties of a new Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800℃

Tensile properties at room temperature of a new casting Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800℃ for0-1000 h were investigated.During aging,granular M23C6 carbides presented at grain boundaries and kept growing from dispersed particles to continuous networks.The γ’ phase significantly coarsened,with the morphology of some γ’ phase changed from spherical to rounded cubic shape after 1000 h.Three deformation mechanisms in relation to the γ’ diameter(dγ’) were identified:(ⅰ) weakly coupled dislocations(WCD) connected by anti-phase boundary(APB) traveled in pair across the γ/γ’ structure when dγ’ was small in the under-aged alloys;(ⅱ) strongly coupled dislocations(SCD) with reduced spacing compared to(ⅰ) sheared γ’ phase when dγ’ increased in the over-aged alloys;(ⅲ) dislocations occasionally by-passed γ’ phase when dγ’ was larger than 97 nm after aging for more than 300 h.The alloy obtained the peak strength when 20 h-aged with dγ’=44 nm which was in the transition between(ⅰ) and(ⅱ).The aginginduced variation in yield strength was correlated to the coarsening of γ’ phase using a theoretical model of precipitation strengthening in terms of the formation of APB.The calculated results suggested that the γ’ phase with a volume fraction of 23% contributed more than 61% of the peak-aged yield strength.Observation after fracture revealed that the alloys usually fractured at grain boundaries.High stress concentration around carbides resulted in cracks by carbides self-cracking and the initiation of cavities.The undesirable agglomeration of M23C6 at grain boundaries was harmful to the properties of the overaged alloys.     

Characterisation of secondary phases in Ni-base superalloy Rene 65

ABSTRACT

The Ni-base superalloy Rene 65 is a newly introduced cast and wrought alloy, used for turbine disc applications in aero-engines. The fine-grained and γ′-strengthened alloy was developed to increase service temperatures up to over 700°C and therefore, enhance the efficiency of aerospace turbines.

In this work, the phases occurring in the as-received material as well as after continuous cooling experiments are characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the as-received material, a tri-modal γ′ size distribution is found, ranging from a few nanometres up to approx. 5?µm. In addition, borides are found preferentially at grain boundaries with a size of approx. 1?µm. For different cooling rates, a change in morphology and size distribution of γ′ precipitates is found.

This is part of a thematic issue on Nanoscale Materials Characterisation and Modeling by Advances Microscopy Methods - EUROMAT.     

Low‐cycle fatigue of IN 718: Effect of waveform

The influence of various strain waveforms on the low‐cycle fatigue of IN 718 tested at 650°C has been investigated. The straining paths are accompanied by dwell‐induced creep component(s) or unequal strain distribution in different portions of cycles reducing strength of material. The investigation intends to clarify mainly mechanistic aspects of relaxation‐fatigue interaction. Features of time‐dependent effect induced by nonpeak dwell and the same accompanied by peak dwell, slow unloading from the peak to a lower strain, and different loading and unloading rates are compared in terms of stress amplitude responses, mean stress relaxation, hysteresis loops, life, and damage parameter D_C‐F. Softening is common in all the cases, and degree of softening varies linearly with life. The energy‐based life prediction model has been found to work well for the data, and we have introduced energy fraction–based approach to observe simultaneous contribution from both creep and fatigue on life.     

Intergrowth of C phase within μ phase in a Re-containing Ni-base single crystal superalloy

Precipitation of topologically close-packed phases in a Re-containing Ni-base single crystal superalloy was studied under elevated temperature by in situ transmission electron microscopy.Above 1150?C,a new intergrowth structure called C phase was found within μ phase with a defined crystallographic orientation relationship.Elements mapping analysis reveals that C phase has a similar element composition as μ phase,but contains a lower level of Cr,W and Re.With increasing temperature,the proportion of C phase increases gradually.At 1250?C,C phase becomes the dominant precipitate.It is demonstrated that C phase is more thermodynamically stable than μ phase above 1150?C that leads to an intergrowth pathway from μ phase to C phase.